Prolotherapy in the treatment of chronic migraine ­ Case report / Proloterapia no tratamento da enxaqueca crônica ­ Relato de caso

Introduction:Chronic migraine is a socioeconomic and individual burden since it is the largest cause of disability in people under 50 years of age. Although there are several prophylactic drug alternatives, some patients are vulnerable to refractoriness with significant damage to their quality of life. Prolotherapy, a subcutaneous injection of dextrose in peripheral nerves, advocates as a promising tool in the management of this pathology. Case report:A patient with refractory chronic migraine to drug therapy who was submitted to neurofascial prolotherapy. Weekly administration of a 2 ml solution of 1% ropivacaine and 10% glucose in the head peripheral nerves for 6 weeks. Reduced disability and frequency of migraine attacks for a period of 8 weeks after interventions. Conclusion: Prolotherapy proved itself to be a notable technique for reducing the number of days in a month that a patient with refractory chronic migraine to standardized therapy has had headaches. However, placebo group studies are needed to determine the efficacy of the procedure.

Introdução: A enxaqueca crônica representa um fardo socioeconômico e individual, pois é a maior causa de incapacidade em pessoas com menos de 50 anos de idade. Embora existam diversas alternativas de medicamentos profiláticos, alguns pacientes são vulneráveis ​​à refratariedade com prejuízos significativos à sua qualidade de vida. A proloterapia, uma injeção subcutânea de dextrose nos nervos periféricos, é defendida como uma ferramenta promissora no manejo desta patologia. Relato de caso: Paciente com enxaqueca crônica refratária à terapia medicamentosa que foi submetido à proloterapia neurofascial. Administração semanal de 2 ml de solução de ropivacaína a 1% e glicose a 10% nos nervos periféricos da cabeça durante 6 semanas. Redução da incapacidade e frequência de ataques de enxaqueca por um período de 8 semanas após as intervenções. Conclusão: A proloterapia provou ser uma técnica notável para reduzir o número de dias em um mês que um paciente com enxaqueca crônica refratária à terapia padronizada teve dores de cabeça. No entanto, são necessários estudos em grupo placebo para determinar a eficácia do procedimento.

A Study Comparing the Efficacy of Different Non-pharmacological Methods to Reduce Pain in Neonates Admitted in A Tertiary Care Hospital

Aim : To compare the efficacy of different non-pharmacological methods for reducing pain in Neonates. Methodology : During the study period of one year from July, 2019 to July, 2020, a total of 70 infants were consecutively recruited and divided into two groups. One group received 2ml of EBM and other group 2ml of 25% D is administered which was given 1 minute before Venepuncture. The outcome variables are the duration of cry after Venepuncture & NIPS score for both group. Result : The duration of cry was found to be higher in the group receiving EBM. The neonates in 25%D groups had lower Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) score than EBM group (chi-sqr-10.34 & p-0.0057). Conclusion : In our study we found 25% Dextrose to be a better non-pharmacological Analgesic as compared to EBM during painful procedure in newborn.

Differentiation of Oral Candida Species in Chronic Renal Failure Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis

Background: Oral candidiasis occur as an opportunistic infection. The transition of candida from commensal to pathogen is often associated with immune- compromised chronic renal patients receiving hemodialysis. Candida species identification and differentiation is important for treatment in these patients. Aim: To differentiate candida species present in the oral cavity of chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis. Material and Methods: A total of 120 individuals with study group (n=60) of chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemo- dialysis (CRF with HD) and control group (n=60) healthy individuals, were studied. Salivary samples were cultured for candida species using Sabouraud’s Dextrose Agar (SDA) and CHROM agar culture media, for the growth of candida species in 24, 48 to 72 hours at 37ºC. Colonies were counted and quantitatively expressed as colony forming units/milliliter (CFU). Results: Positive candidal growth was seen on SDA and CHROM agar medium among CRF with HD and Control Groups, can- dida species were present in 55 (91.6%) and absent in 5(8.3%) and 57(95%) and absent 3(5%) in individuals respectively. Can- dida species differentiation in CRF with HD and Control groups were C. albicans (green colonies), C. Kruzei (pink colonies) and C. Tropicalis (blue colonies) were 46(81.6%), 6(10.0%), 2(3.3%) in CRF with HD cases while 45(75%) 11(18.3%) and 0(0%) in control cases respectively. Conclusion: Isolation and differentiation of candida was highly significant (p<0.05) in chronic renal failure patients undergoing hemodialysis than healthy individuals.

A Prospective Study on Mycology of Eye Infection in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital

Background: Objectives: Fungi are commonly found in the environment and most of them are either commensals or nonpathogenic. Eye infections are caused by bacteria, viruses and less commonly by fungi, therefore not given much attention by the practitioners and also by ophthalmolog ists. In the last one - decade incidence of fungal eye infections has increased due to increase in the number of patients with poor immunity. Common conditions which impair the immunity are prolonged use of steroids and antibacterial broad - spectrum antibioti cs, use of immunosuppressive drugs in cancer patients, in patients with organ transplant and some infections like AIDS. Candida, Fusarium and Aspergillus are the fungi frequently found to be associated with fungal eye infections. Trauma is the most signifi cant predisposing factor particularly when accompanied by contamination with vegetable matter. Methods: Samples such as corneal scrapings, Conjunctival swab, Vitreous & Aqueous aspirates were collected aseptically and sent to microbiology laboratory for KO H wet mount examination and fungal culture. KOH preparation was examined directly under microscope and culture were done on SDA, incubated at 25° c for three weeks. Results: Males were more commonly infected (66.5%) as compared to females (33.5%) The overall positivity in direct microscopy ( KOH preparation) was 32% while positivity in culture was 51%.The most frequently isolated fungus was Fusarium (16) followed by A. flavus ( 07), A. fumigatus (06), Candida sp.(06) and Curvalaria (03) Conclusion: If medical therapy fails to control the infection, surgery should be considered to save the eye visual function before the progression of disease.

Comparing dextrose prolotherapy with other substances in knee osteoarthritis pain relief: A systematic review

Abstract The objective of this study is to compare the effectiveness of dextrose-prolotherapy with other substances for pain relief in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis. The literature screening was done in January 2021 through Medline (PubMed), EMBASE, and Database of the National Institute of Health based on the following criteria: randomized clinical trials that subjected patients with primary knee osteoarthritis who underwent treatment with dextrose-prolotherapy and other substances for pain relief. Paired reviewers independently identified 3381 articles and included 8 trials that met the eligibility criteria. According to the findings of this review, participants that underwent dextrose-prolotherapy showed improvements between baseline and posterior assessments and when compared to saline injections, but when compared to other substances, the results were not clear. Although dextrose-prolotherapy is a useful treatment method by itself, it is still not possible to clearly affirm that it is superior or inferior to its counterparts. There is an urgent need for further studies to bring more evidence to the field. HIGHLIGHTS Dextrose injections promote deposition of collagen into injured structures through growth factors and inflammatory cells. Dextrose-prolotherapy is a useful treatment method, but it is not superior or inferior to its counterparts.

Dextrose prolotherapy for supraspinatus partial tear: A case report

Introduction@#Rotator cuff (RC) tears account for about 20% of RC disorders and presents with severe shoulder pain that can significantly impact activities of daily life. @*Case report@#A 34-year-old male with a history of chronic right shoulder pain presents with tenderness at the lateral shoulder, positive subacromial impingement tests, painful end range of motion and pain score of 6. Ultrasound shows a partial supraspinatus tear at the bursal side. The patient was treated with 15% dextrose to the supraspinatus tendon intrasubstance 3 times, for 4 weeks. @*Result@#Significant pain improvement after the first treatment (VAS 1), with pain-free full range of motion until 4 weeks after treatment and sonographic evidence of supraspinatus tendon healing. @*Discussion@#Dextrose concentrations higher than 12.5% produce an osmotic gradient which stimulates the accumulation of growth factors and inflammatory cells, which in turn can initiate the wound healing process. In this case we can find that the healing process translates to good clinical outcome by ultrasound imaging. @*Conclusion@#Dextrose prolotherapy can be used as an option for supraspinatus tendon partial tear with good results.

The longevity of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is determined by carbohydrate intake / [A longevidade de mosquitos Aedes aegypti é determinada pela ingestão de carboidrato]

Aedes aegypti is the vector of several viral diseases. The main way to control these diseases is to fight the vector. Thus, it is necessary to breed mosquitoes in the laboratory in order to develop strategies to control these insects. In laboratories, different carbohydrates are used for feeding mosquitoes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the longevity and the weight of Ae. aegypti fed with different carbohydrates diets. As methods, 120 mosquitoes were distributed in insectaries and each group received a different diet, based on honey, dextrose or maltodextrin. To assess the longevity, survival analysis was performed using the Long Rank test and chi square test. To assess the weight, the dead insects were frozen and weighed at the end of the experiment. As results it was observed that mosquitoes fed with the honey, maltodextrin and dextrose diet lived on average 33, 35 and 47 days respectively. When weight was assessed, mosquitoes fed with honey weighed 125 ± (35.3) µg, while those fed with dextrose and maltodextrin weighed 225 ± (35.3) µg and 275 ± (35.3) µg respectively. The results show that the intake of dextrose and maltodextrin by Ae. aegypti adults increases their survival and their weight.(AU)

O Aedes aegypti é vetor de várias doenças virais. A principal maneira de controlar essas doenças é combatendo o seu vetor. Nesse sentido, é necessário criar esses mosquitos em laboratório, visando desenvolver estratégias de controle. Nos laboratórios, diferentes carboidratos são utilizados na alimentação de mosquitos. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar longevidade e peso de Ae. aegypti alimentados com diferentes fontes de carboidratos. Como método, distribuíram-se 120 mosquitos insetários. Cada grupo recebeu uma dieta diferente à base de mel, dextrose ou maltodextrina. Para avaliar a longevidade, a análise de sobrevida foi realizada pelo teste de Logrank e pelo teste de qui quadrado. Para avaliar o peso, os insetos mortos foram congelados e pesados ​​no final do experimento. Como resultado, observou-se que os mosquitos alimentados com a dieta à base de mel, maltodextrina e dextrose viveram em média 33, 35 e 47 dias, respectivamente. Com relação ao peso, os mosquitos alimentados com mel pesavam 125 ± (35,3)µg, enquanto os alimentados com dextrose e maltodextrina pesavam 225 ± (35,3)µg e 275 ± (35,3)µg, respectivamente. Os resultados mostram que a ingestão de dieta à base de dextrose e maltodextrina por Ae. aegypti adultos aumenta sua sobrevivência e seu peso.(AU)

Effect of oral 25% dextrose on pain relief in newborn infants undergoing venepuncture

Background: Aim of this study was to study effect of oral 25% dextrose for pain relief in newborns undergoing venepuncture.Methods: This is a case control study conducted in NICU, Cheluvamba hospital attached to Mysore medical college and research institute during the period between September 2018 to November 2018. Babies with gestational age between 34 to 40 weeks of gestation who had clinical indication for blood sampling were included in the study. Neonates who are critically ill, suffered perinatal asphyxia and having congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. Hundred newborn babies admitted to NICU who had clinical indication for blood sampling were enrolled in the study. Study population were divided into 2 groups, dextrose (cases) and non-dextrose group (controls). The data analysis included gestational age, postnatal age, weight, sex, heart rate, oxygen saturation, crying time and behavioural pain assessment.Results: Mean pain score, crying time and heart rate at 5 minutes of venepuncture were studied in both the groups. Mean pain score in dextrose group was 2.68 and in non-dextrose group was 7.18 with significant p value of 0.0062. Mean crying time in dextrose group was 8.98 minutes and in non-dextrose group was 42 minutes with significant p value of 0.001. Mean heart rate in dextrose group was 142 beats/minute and in non-dextrose group was 146bpm with p value of 0.08.Conclusions: Pain in the newborns should be recognised and adequately treated. Lingual 25% dextrose can be used as safe and effective analgesia in neonates undergoing minor invasive procedures like venepuncture.

To study the effect of using ringer’s lactate with or without addition of dextrose on intra-operative blood sugar levels in Pediatric age group undergoing surgeries

Background: General anesthesia without supplemental regional anesthesia might result in elevated blood sugar levels secondary to the stress response of anesthesia and surgery. Increased levels of cortisol and catecholamines augment glucose production because of increased hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis along with reduced peripheral utilization of glucose. Hence, there exists a high possibility that supplementing dextrose intraoperatively without regular blood sugar estimation might result in hyperglycemic episodes which can lead to osmotic diuresis, impairment of neurological outcome, and risk of hypoxic episodes under anesthesia. Aim: To compare the effect of using Ringer's lactate with or without the addition of 1% dextrose on intra-operative blood sugar levels in the pediatric age group undergoing surgeries. Methods and methods: 44 pediatric age group patients, male patients undergoing circumcision for phimosis under I.V sedation with caudal block were chosen and divided into two groups randomly into Group A and Group B. Group A received 1% dextrose RL and Group B received RL without the addition of dextrose as intra-operative maintenance fluid. Along with basic parameters like heart rate and oxygen saturation, capillary blood glucose was also measured preoperatively just before induction and after the end of procedure postoperatively. Results: Preoperative and post-operative blood sugar values were compared. No significant hypoglycemia was developed in patients who had received only RL. And patients who received 1% Dextrose RL as intra-operative fluid had not developed significant hyperglycemia. Arivuselvan K, Nalani, Naheed Azhar. To study the effect of using ringer’s lactate with or without addition of dextrose on intra-operative blood sugar levels in Pediatric age group undergoing surgeries. IAIM, 2019; 6(5): 87-91. Page 88 Conclusion: Even with patients received only RL without dextrose as intraoperative fluid there is no significant hypoglycemia. So, the addition of dextrose is not mandatory in patients undergoing short surgeries provided their preoperative sugar level is not less than 80 mg/dl.

Prolotherapy for knee osteoarthritis using hypertonic dextrose vs other interventional treatments: systematic review of clinical trials

Abstract Background: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of prolotherapy with hypertonic dextrose in patients with knee osteoarthritis. A systematic search was performed in electronic databases including PUBMED, SCIELO, DIALNET and Google Scholar. Main body: We searched for randomized clinical trials that evaluated therapeutic interventions in patients with knee osteoarthritis. These trials compared the effect of intra-articular and / or extra-articular infiltrations of hypertonic dextrose vs the effect of intra-articular and / or extra-articular infiltrations of other substances or some interventional procedure application, via assessing pain, physical function and secondary effects and / or adverse reactions. Ten randomized clinical trials were included in this systematic review, the total sample size comprised 328 patients treated with hypertonic dextrose (prolotherapy) vs 348 controls treated with other infiltrations such as local anesthetics, hyaluronic acid, ozone, platelet-rich plasma or interventional procedures like radiofrequency. Conclusions: In terms of pain reduction and function improvement, prolotherapy with hypertonic dextrose was more effective than infiltrations with local anesthetics, as effective as infiltrations with hyaluronic acid, ozone or radiofrequency and less effective than PRP and erythropoietin, with beneficial effect in the short, medium and long term. In addition, no side effects or serious adverse reactions were reported in patients treated with hypertonic dextrose. Although HDP seems to be a promising interventional treatment for knee OA, more studies with better methodological quality and low risk of bias are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of this intervention.

Screening and Identification of Endophytic Fungi in Scutellariae Radix Transformed Baicalin to Baicalein and Oroxylin A / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: In order to explore natural active ingredients of Scutellariae Radix and alleviate the pressure of traditional medicinal resources,this research aimmed to screen endophytic fungus strains from Scutellariae Radix which could transform baicalin into some active ingredients.Method: Taking fresh plants of Scutellariae Radix as strain resource,endophytic fungus strains were isolated by potato dextrose agar (PDA) plate separation,Scutellariae Radix powder selective culture and HPLC detection.Result: An endophytic fungus strain R3 was isolated and it can transform baicalin to baicalein and oroxylin A simultaneously in potato dextrose broth (PDB) contained 0.1% baicalin and the conversion rate reached 61.09% in 5 d cultured at 28℃ and 150 r·min-1,molar ratio of baicalein and oroxylin A was 3:5.With the method of morphological analysis,microscopic identification and 18SrDNA sequence analysis,the bacterium was identified as Penicillium sp.R3. Conclusion: Penicillium sp.R3 can transform baicalin to baicalein and oroxylin A with certain research value and application value.

Mycological study of dermatophytosis in a part of South India

Aims: Epidermophyton, Microsporum and Trichophyton are the genera of dermatophytes causing superficial mycoses. These infections are on rise due to increase in immunocompromised patients and favorable environmental conditions in countries like India. The present study was undertaken to identify dermatophytes causing superficial fungal infection by microscopy and culture techniques which helps in accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment of cases. Methodology and results: Samples were collected from affected sites after cleaning the affected surface with 70% alcohol. All samples were microscopically examined for presence of hyphal structures by digesting in 10% to 40% KOH solution. All samples were inoculated into Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol and Sabouraud dextrose agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol and incubated at room temperature for four weeks. Tease mount technique and slide culture technique were used for identification of dermatophytes. One hundred and ten samples from clinically suspected dermatophytoses which includes 77(70%) from male and 33(30%) from female patients were processed for identification of dermatophytes. Samples were subjected to microscopy and culture. In 61 samples (54.54%) fungal hyphae were seen by direct microscopic examination (KOH). Fifty six samples (50%) yielded dermatophyte growth in culture. Trichophyton rubrum was the predominant species isolated followed by T. violaceum and T. mentagrophytes. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: Accurate and rapid diagnosis of superficial fungal infection is essential for proper management of cases. Direct microscopy is very good method for routine diagnosis, however culture remains gold standard.

Evaluación del rendimiento del sistema Rapid™ Yeast Pluz (Remel) a partir de 2 medios de cultivo diferentes / Performance evaluation of Rapid™ Yeast Plus (Remel) system from two different culture media

Dentro del género Candida, la especie más frecuentemente aislada de materiales clínicos es Candida albicans. Debido a la emergencia de otras especies que pueden presentar mayor índice de resistencia a los antifúngicos, se hace necesaria la identificación rápida de aquellas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el rendimiento del sistema RapID™ Yeast Plus a partir de subcultivos en 2 formulaciones diferentes, agar Sabouraud dextrosa modificado por Emmons (medio indicado en el inserto del equipo) y agar Sabouraud glucosado, que es el utilizado habitualmente en los laboratorios de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires. Se estudiaron 166 cepas de muestras clínicas provenientes de los distintos hospitales que integran la Red de Micología de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. De los resultados obtenidos se concluye que se deben mantener las condiciones y el medio de cultivo indicado por el fabricante

Within the genus Candida, Candida albicans is the most commonly isolated species from clinical samples. Due to the emergence of other species which can show a higher index of antifungal resistance, a fast identification of these species is necessary. The aim of this work was to evaluate the performance of the RapID Yeast Plus system from two different subculture media formulations: Sabouraud dextrose agar adjusted by Emmons (the medium is indicated in the equipment insert) and Sabouraud glucose agar, which is the most frequently used in Buenos Aires City laboratories. One hundred and sixty-six clinical sample strains coming from different hospitals belonging to the Mycology Network of Buenos Aires City were studied. From the obtained results, we conclude that the conditions and culture medium indicated by the manufacturer should be followed

Faster onset time of supraclavicular brachial plexus block using local anesthetic diluted with dextrose / Tempo mais rápido de início do bloqueio do plexo braquial supraclavicular usando anestésico local diluído com dextrose

Abstract Background and objectives: A high sodium concentration is known to antagonize local anesthetics when infiltrated around neural tissue. Thus, we hypothesized that the onset time for sensory and motor blockade, in supraclavicular brachial plexus block using ropivacaine diluted with dextrose would be shorter than with saline. Methods: Patients scheduled for upper limb surgery were randomized to receive ultrasound guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block with 0.5% ropivacaine. Evaluation of sensory and motor blockade was performed every 5 min for 60 min. Patients were followed-up on postoperative day 1, and between days 7 and 10 for the presence of any complications. Twenty-five patients in each group were analyzed. Results: Mean time for onset of analgesia for the dextrose group was 37.6 ± 12.9 min while the mean time for the saline group was 45.2 ± 13.9 min with a p-value of 0.05. The effect size was 0.567, which was moderate to large. No major complications were observed. Conclusion: We conclude that there was a decrease in onset time of analgesia when dextrose was used as a diluent instead of saline for ultrasound guided supraclavicular block.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: A alta concentração de sódio é conhecida por antagonizar anestésicos locais quando infiltrado em torno de tecido neural. Portanto, a nossa hipótese foi a de que o tempo de início para os bloqueios sensorial e motor, em bloqueio do plexo braquial supraclavicular com ropivacaína diluída com dextrose, seria menor do que com solução salina. Métodos: Os pacientes agendados para cirurgia em membro superior foram randomizados para receber bloqueio do plexo braquial supraclavicular com ropivacaína a 0,5%g guiado por ultrassom. A avaliação dos bloqueios sensorial e motor foi feita a cada cinco minutos durante 60 minutos. Os pacientes foram acompanhados no pós-operatório no primeiro dia e entre os dias 7-10 para presença de qualquer complicação. Foram analisados 25 pacientes em cada grupo. Resultados: A média do tempo para o início da analgesia no grupo dextrose foi de 37,6 ± 12,9 minutos, enquanto que no grupo solução salina foi de 45,2 ± 13,9 minutos, com um valor-p de 0,05. O tamanho do efeito foi 0,567, o que foi de moderado a grande. Complicações maiores não foram observadas. Conclusão: Concluímos que houve uma redução do tempo de início da analgesia quando dextrose em vez de solução salina foi usada como diluente para bloqueio supraclavicular guiado por ultrassom.

Comparing the Effectiveness of Sabouraud Dextrose Agar and Dermatophytes Test Medium for Isolation of Dermatophytes.

Background: Dermatophytes affects more than 30% of the population, usually as superficial mycosis but also present as deeper subcutaneous tissue infection in rare occasions. Because of ambiguous clinical presentations of dermatophytosis need to diagnose accurately to avoid mismanagement. The present study was selected to know the significance of KOH (Potassium Hydroxide) in diagnosis of dermatophytosis and to compare Sabouraud Dextrose Agar (SDA) with Dermatophytes Test Medium (DTM) in isolation of dermatophytes. Methods: A total of 124 patients were included in this study who was diagnosed as clinically suspected dermatophytosis at Department of DVL. Samples were collected and inoculated in to Sabouraud Dextrose Agar with Chloramphenicol and Cycloheximide, Dermatophytes Test Medium and also KOH mount was done. Results: Out of 124 clinically suspected dermatophytosis studied population, 78 (62.9%) were culture positive. Tinea corporis (29.4%) was affected predominantly followed by Tinea cruris (21.7%) and Tinea capitis (17.9%). On correlation of culture positivity with KOH microscopy, 15 patients (12.09%) were culture positive and KOH negative. 12 (9.6%) patients out of 124 were KOH positive and culture negative. The isolation rate in this study from SDA was 93.5% and that of DTM was 100%. On comparing of dermatophytes isolation from clinical samples among DTM and SDA, shown statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Conclusion: KOH gives rapid probable diagnosis to start empirical therapy, lesser sensitive than culture media. Both SDA and DTM gives good isolation results, where as DTM is superior than SDA in isolation and aid in easy interpretation.

Evaluación de la peptona papaínica de corazón de res para el enriquecimiento selectivo de Enterococcus / Evaluation of beef heart papainic peptone for selective enrichment of Enterococcus

Introducción: el control microbiológico de aguas y alimentos ha motivado el desarrollo de medios de cultivo selectivos capaces de detectar Enterococcus, los cuales necesitan de una fuente de energía apropiada para garantizar la recuperación de estos. Objetivos: comparar diferentes bases nutritivas elaboradas a partir de productos y subproductos alimenticios según su capacidad de promoción de crecimiento del género Enterococcus y evaluar la exactitud del medio de cultivo caldo azida dextrosa. Métodos: para el ensayo se seleccionaron 80 cepas de diferentes géneros. Se prepararon dos variantes experimentales del caldo azida dextrosa (una tamponada) y se inocularon los microorganismos seleccionados a una concentración estandarizada. El incremento de la biomasa se determinó midiendo la densidad óptica en un espectrofotómetro a 640 nm cada una hora. La evaluación microbiológica del medio de cultivo se realizó utilizando diferentes géneros microbianos a distintas concentraciones. Se determinó la sensibilidad, especificidad, exactitud diagnóstica y relativa y el índice Kappa del diagnosticador. Como medio de referencia se utilizó el caldo azida glucosa proveniente de la firma comercial Merck (Alemania). ..

Introduction: microbiological control of water and food has motivated the development of selective culture media capable of detecting Enterococcus, which need an appropriate source of energy to ensure the recovery of microorganisms. Objectives: compare different nutrient bases produced from food products and by-products according to their growth promotion capacity for the genus Enterococcus, and evaluate the accuracy of dextrose azide broth culture medium. Methods: eighty strains of different genera were selected for the test. Two experimental variants of dextrose azide broth were prepared (one buffered) and the microorganisms selected were inoculated at a standardized concentration. Biomass increase was determined by measuring optical density in a spectrophotometer at 640 nm every 1 h. Microbiological evaluation of the culture medium was carried out using different microbial genera at different concentrations. Diagnostic and relative sensitivity, specificity and accuracy, and the Kappa index were determined for the culture medium. Glucose azide broth (Merck, Germany)ss production than the other genera...

Dairy Waste ‘Ghee Residue’ Influence Laccases Production by Pycnoporus Cinnabarinus and its Optimization.

The present study reveals that a potent laccases producer Pycnoporus cinnabarinus produces higher quantity of laccases in the Coll et al. Medium (M1 medium) and Potato dextrose broth medium (M4 medium) containing agricultural waste ‘wheat bran’ (1%w/v) after a great comparative study among the five laccases production media namely Coll et al. medium (M1 medium), Olga et al. medium (M2 medium), Slomczynski medium (M3 medium), Potato dextrose broth (PDB) medium (M4 medium) and nutrient salt medium (M5 medium). There was a tremendous increase in laccases production with alternative carbon source. There was about 265.2% increase in laccases production in M1 Medium with wheat bran (126.99±2.046 U/ml/min) which further increased by 305% (140.78±1.118 U/ml/min) after the addition of dairy waste ‘Ghee residue’. In the presence of rice bran there was a reduction in laccase production, which however improved in the presence of Ghee residue by a good 63.8% (56.96±1.005 U/ml/min) compared to the M1 medium with glucose. Similarly in case of M4 medium, there was an increase in laccases production by 45.6% with wheat bran (89.46±1.861U/ml/min) and on addition of ghee residue it increased to about 95.6% (115.00±2.048U/ml/min). The beneficial effect of ghee residue was proved by comparative study on effect of other inducers namely copper sulfate, ammonium tartrate, ethanol and peptone. The maximum production was obtained in 9 days at pH 3.0 and temperature 35°C in potato dextrose broth medium (M4) with 1% w/v wheat bran and 2% w/v Ghee residue. The presence of phenolic compounds in the Ghee residue was found to be encouraging laccases production.

Comparison of Analgesic Effect of Direct Breastfeeding, Oral 25% Dextrose Solution and Placebo during 1st DPT Vaccination in Healthy Term Infants: A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial.

Objective: To compare analgesic effect of direct breast feeding, 25% dextrose solution and placebo as we give 1st intramuscular whole cell DPT injection to 6week - 3month old infants. Design: Randomized, placebo controlled trial. Setting: Immunization clinic of Department of Pediatrics, LLRM Medical College. Participants: Infants coming for their 1st DPT vaccination were randomized in to three groups of 40 each. Outcome measures: The primary outcome variable was the duration of cry after vaccination. Secondary outcome variables were Modified Facial Coding Score (MFCS) and latency of onset of cry. Results: 120 babies were equally enrolled in breast feed group, 25% dextrose fed group and distilled water fed group. Median (interquartile range) of duration of cry was significantly lower in breast fed (33.5 (17-54) seconds) and 25% dextrose fed babies (47.5 (31-67.5) seconds) as compared to babies given distilled water (80.5 (33.5-119.5) seconds) (P<0.001). MFCS at 1 min and 3 min was significantly lower in direct breast fed and dextrose fed babies. Conclusions: Direct breastfeeding and 25% dextrose act as analgesic in young infants undergoing DPT vaccination in young infants less than 3 month of age.

Expressed Breast Milk vs 25% Dextrose in Procedural Pain in Neonates: A Double Blind Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objective: To compare the effect of expressed breast milk (EBM), 25% dextrose (25 D) and sterile water (SW) on procedural pain in neonates as assessed by the premature infant pain profile (PIPP), changes in heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and duration of crying. Design: Prospective, double blind, randomized controlled trial. Setting: Postnatal ward of a tertiary-care hospital. Participants: 210 babies who required venipuncture for blood sampling and who were on oral feeds were recruited into the study after parental informed consent. Methods: The enrolled babies were randomized into intervention groups (EBM, 25% dextrose) and control group (sterile water). Two ml of test solution was given to baby by paladay (a traditional cup with a spout) 2 min before venipuncture. The face and crying of baby were video graphed by an independent, blinded observer. The facial response to pain (brow bulge, eye squeeze, nasolabial furrow) was analysed from the video. Maximum HR and minimum SpO2 were recorded during, and 1, 3 and 5 min after venipuncture by another blinded observer. Outcome variable: :PIPP score, HR, SpO2 and crying time at 0/ 1/3/5 min after sampling. Results: 160 babies were considered for final analysis with 50 in 25 D, 62 in EBM and 48 in SW group. The mean PIPP score in the 3 groups were 5.22, 6.84 and 11.22 at 0-30 sec after venipuncture; 4.52, 6.34, and 10.88 at 1-1 ½ min; 3.96, 6.15 and 9.35 at 3-3 ½ min; and 3.12, 4.68 and 7.83 at 5-5 ½ min; respectively (P< 0.001). The median crying time was 10 ,37.5 and 162 seconds in 25 D, EBM and SW groups, respectively (P< 0.001). Conclusions: EBM significantly reduces procedural pain in neonates though to a lesser extent as compared to 25% dextrose.

A preliminary study of Heavy Brilliant Blue G for internal limiting membrane staining in macular hole surgery.

Context: Surgical outcomes of vitrectomy for idiopathic macular hole using a “heavy” Brilliant Blue G (HBBG) solution for staining and removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM). Settings and Design: Prospective interventional case series conducted in a tertiary eye care hospital. Materials and Methods: Nineteen patients (20 eyes) with idiopathic macular hole were enrolled to undergo vitrectomy with ILM peeling using HBBG. BBG dye was made heavy by mixing with 10% dextrose normal saline (DNS) solution in 2:1 ratio. The adequacy of ILM staining was noted intraoperatively. The closure rates of macular hole and visual improvement were recorded. Patients were followed up postoperatively on day 1, week 1, and subsequently at 1, 3, and 6 months, and every 6th month thereafter. Statistical Analysis: Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used; P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) ranged from 20/1000 to 20/63 (median: 20/100). Intraoperatively, the ILM stained very well in all eyes, and was easily removed. All macular holes closed postoperatively. The mean follow-up was 6.15 ± 2 months (range: 4-10; median: 6 months). Final BCVA ranged from 20/20 to 20/80 (median: 20/40), amounting to a significant visual improvement (P = 0.0001). BCVA improved by 1-8 Snellen lines in 19 eyes (95%); 16 eyes (80%) improved by ≥2 lines; 13 eyes (65%) achieved a final BCVA of 20/40 or better. Conclusions: Addition of 10% DNS to BBG dye allowed good ILM staining with less dye during macular hole surgery, and provided excellent anatomic and visual outcomes.